In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations...

In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations Many critics prefer the original ending to the revised version because it is the ending that Dickens himself decided to write without consulting anyone. Many people believe that since Bulwer-Lytton gave Dickens input on the second ending that it is not as true. Although Dickens may have inadvertently been plagiarizing, the original ending is the way that Dickens felt the novel should end, as opposed to the way Bulwer-Lytton felt it should end. Another reason that the original is preferable is because it seems to flow better with the overall themes of the novel. One of these themes is how people expectations differ from reality. Pips expectations never seem†¦show more content†¦He never would have been embarrassed about Joe if he did not expect to live a better life than him. When Dickens gives Pip the possibility of happiness with Estella in the revised ending, he completely undermines the lesson he was teaching Pip and the reader. A related theme that is carried through in this ending is the idea of mistaken identities. Estella mistakes little Pip for Pips son, when he is really the son of Joe and Biddy. This is like how Pip mistakes Miss Havisham for the one who gives him his expectations when it is really Magwitch. In the original ending of Great Expectations, there is no Chapter 59, and Dickens reunites Pip and Estella in four short paragraphs. Although this ending is generally referred to as the unhappy ending since Pip and Estella definitely part ways again, it does give the reader hope that Estella finally understands how she treated Pip. This is important because it ties Estella and Pip together by the fact that they are both able to feel remorse for the way they treated other people. In Estellas case, she mistreated Pip, but after suffering at the hands of Drummle, she is finally able to empathize with Pip. She understands what it is like to be under the control of another human being. Throughout the novel, it is Estella who has power over Pip and every other man she meets. However, during her marriage, Estella is subjected to outrageous treatment (440), physical abuse, from Drummle.Show MoreRelatedHilton ITT Case Study Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesnegotiate a friendly merge r at year end 1996. The 55-dollar benchmark created an expectation for ITT management to achieve that level, or higher and the premium is enough to demonstrate to investors it is a real offer. Their support will be key as they will have a vote deciding the fate of the poison pill provisions which need to be removed to make the deal necessary. As the deal moves forward, Hilton has a great deal of room for negotiation with investors because their best guess value of ITTsRead MoreA Time to Kill and to Kill a Mockingbird1314 Words   |  6 Pagesheroes. Attacus especially is elevated in the mind of the narrator to a state of untouchable selflessness and courage. A few other characters with very heroic traits emerge. Boo Radley saves the children by fighting their attacker to the death at great personal risk even though these same children had feared him. He is a very mysterious character until this incident, which unexpectedly defines him as a hero. In one of the most striking scenes in A Time to Kill, a soldier jumps in the path of a bulletRead More Comparing the Movies A Time to Kill, by John Grisham and To Kill a Mockingbird1285 Words   |  6 Pagesheroes. Attacus especially is elevated in the mind of the narrator to a state of untouchable selflessness and courage. A few other characters with very heroic traits emerge. Boo Radley saves the children by fighting their attacker to the death at great personal risk even though these same children had feared him. He is a very mysterious character until this incident, which unexpectedly defines him as a hero. In one of the most striking scenes in A Time to Kill, a soldier jumps in the path of a bulletRead MoreAutobiography of a Face: Lucy Grealy1611 Words   |  7 Pageswrites â€Å"Society is no help. It tells us again and again that we can most be ourselves by acting and looking like someone else , only to leave our original faces behinds to turn in ghosts that will inevitably resent and haunt us† (pg. 222). This passage is in the conclusions; because through her experience she was face with the social and cultural expectation Grealy’s life after her cancer was filled taunts and stares from strangers. These judgments made Grealy very concerned with the perception of howRead MoreWhy Bollenbach Opened His Bidding at $55 per Share1814 Word s   |  8 Pagesnegotiate a friendly merger at year end 1996. The 55-dollar benchmark created an expectation for ITT management to achieve that level, or higher and the premium is enough to demonstrate to investors it is a real offer. Their support will be key as they will have a vote deciding the fate of the poison pill provisions which need to be removed to make the deal necessary. As the deal moves forward, Hilton has a great deal of room for negotiation with investors because their best guess value of ITTRead More Comparing Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now2104 Words   |  9 Pagespeople involved. As Chef searched the boat, his shouting made it obvious that even he believed the Vietnamese they had encountered were innocent villagers, but the forceful search continued. The massacre of the innocents on the boat because of their defense of a single puppy can be paralleled to the real-life My Lai Massacre in Vietnam. In the My Lai Massacre, American soldiers slaughtered more than 500 unarmed, innocent Vietnamese civilians. It is possible that Coppola gained inspiration for this horrifyingRead MoreEssay Strategic audit4372 Words   |  18 Pagesdaily life. In comparison to the other products, home products were the most successful ones. Some of the iRobot’s products are: Roomba (vaccum cleaning), Scooba (floor cl eaning), Brava (floor mopping) – home products; PackBot, SUGV, Warrior, etc. – Defense and Security products; iRobot Aware 2 robot intelligence software, Robot Developers Kit – developer products. According to iRobot Third Quarter Financial Report: Home Robot revenues increased by 16% in the third quarter compared to one year agoRead MoreLockheed L1011 Case Study, a Recommendation Essays3208 Words   |  13 Pagespreproduction sunk costs, including a cost of capital 16%, and sales of 113 units and a per unit sales price of $16 million, the net present value (NPV) of continuing with the Tri Star is -$ 1,829,666,246. Rationale for Decision: Our original sales expectations were based on the assumption that we would capture 35% to 40% of the large body market. We further projected air travel growth of 10%. This would result in a potential market of 270 to 310 aircraft for our company. A more recent projectionRead MoreThe Battle of Britain Essay5809 Words   |  24 Pageslarge path of the eastern portion Great Britain and to cut a path that would forcibly cut off London from the rest of the nation (Deighton 80). Germany’s plan for separation and conquer all depended on the politics behind Britain’s preparedness for war and the control of the air. Great Britain entered the war with varying levels of preparedness due to many factors. Winston Churchill, in a speech to Parliament, pointed out the susceptibility of Britain’s defense and the increasing risk Germany wasRead MoreHeroism Main Theme in Beowulf3076 Words   |  13 PagesThere is a clear-cut network of social duties depicted in the poem. The king has an obligation to behave with generosity. He must reward his thanes with valuable gifts for their defense of the tribe and their success in battle. This is why King Hrothgar is known as the â€Å"ring-giver.† He behaves according to expectations of the duties of a lord when he lavishly rewards Beowulf and the other Geat warriors for ridding the Danes of Grendel’s menace. But the thanes have their obligation too. (A thane

Essay The Renaissance and Art - 1419 Words

The â€Å"rebirth† of art in Italy was connected with the rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature, and science and the evolution of empirical methods of study in these fields. Increased awareness of classical knowledge created a new resolve to learn by direct observation and study of the natural world. Consequently, secular themes became increasingly important to artists, and with the revived interest in antiquity came a new repertoire of subjects drawn from Greek and Roman history and mythology. The models provided by ancient buildings and works of art also inspired the development of new artistic techniques and the desire to re-create the forms and styles of classical art. As these new styles of linear and aerial perspective and†¦show more content†¦Shortly thereafter Monet entered two paintings into the Salon which gained him some success. From there in 1969, Monet travels with friend Renoir to La Grenouillere, where together they begin their studies side by side. Claude Monet can be classified as a forerunner of Impressionists, Neo-Impressionists, Fauvists, Cubists, Abstract painters, and the Non-Figurists. He is often called â€Å"The Father of Impressionism† (Taillander 6). Although Monet had some works accepted into the Salon, he was one of the first to paint in the Impressionist style, and persisted even after his works were rejected and shunned. Renoir said â€Å"Without Monet, we would all have given up† (qtd. in Taillander 8). Monet was seen as an extremist because he â€Å"captured the fleeting moment, creating a degree of wooliness in his canvasses which have not been interpreted with any certainty†(Taillander 8). In Monet’s paintings, his interest â€Å"lies not in details, but in capturing the effect of the whole scene as it would be perceived in a fleeting glance† (Welton 14). The term Impressionist was first given by a critic when reviewing Monet’s painting, There were many important developments that made the Impressionist style of painting possible. One of these developments was painting outside or â€Å"en plein air†. Previously, artists had to paint in their studios because it was too burdensome to take large canvasses and other supplies outside. Metal tubes invented in the 1840s allowedShow MoreRelatedRenaissance Art : The Renaissance And The Renaissance852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance, better known as the â€Å"rebirth â€Å"period helped bring life back to culture and the arts. It was a movement that began in Florence, Italy, but eventually spread throughout Europe. It stemmed from a very dark period in history. Prior to the Renaissance, Europe experienced the Medieval Times, or Dark Ages, a time of war famine, and disease. There were many causes of the Renaissance such as â€Å"The Black Death† and the new idea that social class does not dictate your wealth. The RenaissanceRead MoreRenaissance Italian Ar t : Art And Art Of The Renaissance1572 Words   |  7 PagesRenaissance Italian Artists The Renaissance occurred in Europe between 1400 and 1600. This event began in Italy during the Medieval period and then expanded to the rest of Europe, marking the start of the Modern age. The Renaissance began in Florence Italy in the 14th century. It was a cultural movement that had an enormous impact in Europe during the early modern period. The Renaissance’s influenced politics, science, literature, art, philosophy, religion, music, and other aspects. AroundRead MoreRenaissance Art And Art953 Words   |  4 PagesArt is an endless category, the more you look at it, the far it seems to get and yet you cannot keep your eyes off it. I believe that art expands during the Renaissance in Europe in 1350 to 1600. Creating changes and effects in literature, philosophy, politics, economic, social, religion, and art. The development that I choose that I felt that help contribute the manufacture of visual culture was Religion. Religion had a big impact in this era, if it wa sn’t for religion we would of never experienceRead MoreRenaissance Art : The Renaissance Period867 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art The Renaissance time period was home to many new ideas in art. This includes new artists bringing forth ideas that had yet to be discovered and made popular. New themes and types of art were also being brought forward during this period. Numerous artists had to of been present to make Renaissance art the way it is. Some of the world’s most famous artists were working during this time period, including Leonardo da Vinci, and other artists like Sandro Botticelli and Lorenzo GhibertiRead MoreExamples Of Art And Renaissance Art1115 Words   |  5 PagesArt can be classified into different eras by their similar and distinguishing subjects and methods. They show the progression and timeline for different standards of art and the point of views and values for the people of the time. For example, the Renaissance art period, was an art period in which religious authority figures sought to beautify their cities and palaces with artworks detailing religious themes. Renaissance art was also commissioned by wealthy bankers, and churches. What is usuallyRead MoreArt And Abstract Art : Renaissance Art1113 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion #1. 20 points Renaissance Art was innovative. Renaissance artist illustrated natures beauty with biblical accounts. In addition, artist began to use oil painting which set Renaissance style apart. Additionally, renaissance art influenced society perception of the world with visual imagery by constructing detailed events, places, or objects. However, Cubism’s, transformed creation of images by utilizing geometric perception of natural description. Nevertheless, Renaissance art influenced societyRead MoreHumanism and the Renaissance Arts1289 Words   |  5 PagesWhen discussing the Renaissance; the most intimate area of focus are, art and architecture. Although no one really talks about Renaissance being an obvious era of some of the greatest and most innovative masters of painting, sculptures and builders. Or even that It is also the most influential eras that marked the emergence of a great deal of Scholars, thinkers, writers and philosophers. Regardless the Renaissance (a French word for â€Å"rebirth†) was a much needed time for awakening, from the intellectualRead MoreThe Renaissance in Art Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art When the new upper class movement, Renaissance, occurred in Italy around the 14th century, a revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, an intensified concern with secular life, and interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual began. Thus, artists such as Mosaccio and Giotto depicted art that unlike the Middle Ages, showed emotions, feelings, and bright colors, thus demonstrating the deep concern for naturalismRead MoreRenaissance Influence On Art772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance, a time defined as the rebirth, occurred in Italy between 1350 and 1600. Spreading quickly throughout Europe, with the innovation of the printing press, it caused rippling effects. The Renaissance ultimately altered the aged education of the Dark Ages and renewed it with studies of the more classic works instead of theology. Classic art and literature grew extremely popular, contrasting the lack of interest in them before. Many arti sts became prominent advocates for the revival ofRead MoreThe Beginning Of Renaissance Art1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe beginning of Renaissance art can be tracked all the way back to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th and 15th centuries. During this Renaissance period, Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as bringing back the ideals and achievements of Roman culture. Their art tried to capture the experience of the individual and the beauty and mystery of the natural world. The Italian Renaissance was considered a rebirth of old values in art such as literature and philosophy. It was a period for the

Travelling Troubles Free Essays

Traveling is widely believed to broaden the mind and enrich the soul. The famous saying â€Å"Don’t tell me how educated you are, tell me how much you have traveled† indicates that travel can enlarge people’s knowledge efficiently. Many people believe that when you visit other places you experience new things and learn from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Travelling Troubles or any similar topic only for you Order Now To my mind, it’s impossible to imagine our life without traveling. Getting out of the place where you always live, then going to an unfamiliar place is a kind of unforgettable experience in your life. First of all traveling is visiting interesting places and meeting new people. It is connected with getting to know other cultures and traditions. Secondly, it is usually said that journeys educate, so traveling we can make our knowledge wider. Also we become more experienced and ready to cope with surrounding world if we learn something while being in journey. Furthermore, traveling is a psychological necessity, especially for people who have stressful jobs. There are people who do not want to travel for some reasons. Some enjoy the comfort of their homes. Others do not travel for fear of being robbed or losing their belongings. There are people who would rather put their money on material needs. Of course, journeys have some disadvantages, for example 1. high costs of traveling, 2. danger of disease, etc. So all you need to do is to take extra precautions to be sure that you have a safe journey. I am sure that pleasure of traveling and getting new experience is more important. Especially for those who enjoy the comfort of their homes there is one good saying â€Å"No one realizes how beautiful it is to travel until he comes home and rests his head on his old, familiar pillow†. To sum up, 1. traveling is a very good way of spending time. . It can educate, give impressions, nice memories and let make friends. I can advise people to travel as â€Å"The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page. † I’m fond of traveling and would travel much if I had a chance ? I think many people have travelled at least once at their life. I live fourteen years only but I have already t ravelled a lot. I love travelling very much. However, there are some advantages and disadvantages of travelling. 1. On the one hand, it is very interesting to learn more about other countries and about the world in a whole. 2. ou can meet new people and friends. Furthermore, if you travel abroad, you can practice a foreign language, for example, English. On the other hand, there are some drawbacks with travelling. 1. It is not so comfortable to travel to other countries, especially if it is far from your home. You must take a big luggage with you and it is very heavy. 2. Moreover, it is easier to learn interesting facts about exciting places from books and TV programmes and it very convenient in any case, isn’t it? 3. The third fact is that you just cannot leave your home animals without any look and care. here are many ways of spending our time. One of them is travelling. It has its own advantages and disadvantages. 1. First advantage of travelling is visiting interesting pl aces and meeting new people. 2. It is connected with getting to know other cultures and traditions which is surely valuable. If you live in Russia, you can not leave the country, and lodge in its distant area and open for yourself something absolutely new. 3. Secondly, it is usually said that journeys educate, so whilst travelling as well as exploration we can make our knowledge wider. . Also we become more experienced and ready to cope with surrounding world if we learn something while being in journey. 5. The trip to other country is possibility to practise a foreign language, to improve the pronunciation, to learn about dialects. Such experience can help with study and in a crisis situation. Of couse, journeys has some crucial disadvantages. 1. Firstly, costs of travelling are often quiet high for example travelling by plane, so naturally not everyone can afford. Therefore not all is presumed to themselves by trips abroad. . What is more, journeys especially foreign ones expose u s to danger of disease or even death. Travelling can lead to fall ill and maybe then to expensive treatment or in case of fatal accident like for instance car and aerial one to death of many people. 3. Now many people refuse trips abroad, being afraid to catch one of flu kinds. A flu chandes every year, but cases of diseases and lethal outcomes recently have become frequent. 4. The next disadvantage is fatigue that occur while travelling. Most journeys last very long and it can make us feel tired. To sum up, travelling is a very good way of spending time. It can educate, give impressions, nice memories and let make friends. However, in my opinion travelling in spite of its whole advantages, it should not be the only way to learn about the world and ourselves. ? 5. Disadvantages: Unfamiliar territory may cause discomfort, travel expenses, being away from home/family, not being able to commuinicate well with the natives, getting travel sick and being unable to enjoy the experience. How to cite Travelling Troubles, Papers

Sustainable Transportation Systems CIRP Design

Question: Describe about the Sustainable Transportation Systems for CIRP Design ? Answer: Introduction Environmental issues refers to the issues those affect the environment of Australia. So many natural issues are there in Australia, which are affecting the nature or environment of Australia. Besides those issues, some issues are affecting people of Australia. These issues are discussed here bellow. In many areas in Australia, controlled regions and coastal environment have been widely changed, many swamp have been ruined. Due to the weather change in Australia the agents of the environment, i.e. the plants and the animals have been affected. There occurring decline in many species and the distribution is being changed (Bai, 2012). Some natural resources are declining rapidly. Some of them, natural resources are water, coal etc. Australians are taking so many attempts for being more eco-friendly and these several attempts are taking in recent years (Kim, 2012) This particular article is going to provide a discussion on some environment issues emerging in Australia in recent years. This will also be discussed here in this essay the impacts on the several environmental agents, such as plants, creature, coastal lakes, natural resource etc. Some issues in Australia Some of the major environmental issues in Australia are as follows: Water Waste management Climate change Coal Biodiversity Sustainable cities Those issues and the relevant solutions are discussed here one by one. Water Australia has a dry climate. Therefore, it is very predictable factor that Australia should take several plans to preserve or conserve water for the well living of its population and creatures and plants. To sustain the well running of environment, Australia has to come forward to take several decisions and give emphasis on that matter. Fortunately, it is seen that presently Australians are paying more and more attention in this particular matter. Australian Government has taken more steps to make the people of Australia be concerned about the conservation of water. This will help in reducing the wastage of water. The matter of water conservation is a big political issue also in Australia. Several cities are designing for their own water conservation program (Li, 2013) Water is a vital issue in the environmental hazards. This thing is directly linked with the public health and the health of the complete environmental agents. In the recent years, the quantity of water is degrading due to excessive level of harvesting and irrigation in Australia. On the other hand, the quality of the water is affecting negatively the agriculture. The extreme level of se of several pesticides and fertilizers are affecting the water and thereby there is a rapid degradation in the quality of Water in Australia. Waste management Australia has taken several steps to manage the wastages. Some recycling processes are taken over few years. Still so much toxic wastes are affecting the environment. The landfills and the water bodies are affected adversely. A small recycling process can help to remove the situation. People of Australia should keep in mind that a little extra toxic can damage a lot and cases several pollutions. The continuous increase in the urbanization is causing the problem more severe. Therefore, the Government should take several steps and keep it to be continued to educate the people and make tem conscious about the pollution. Man superior plans have been taken already. Climate Change Australia is a country, which is widely affected by the change in climate. Climate changes have a great impact on the environment of Australia. Therefore, it is very important for Australia to cope up with this problem. To cope up with this particular problem, Australia has to plan and adapt the best way to remove this problem. According to many experts in Australia, the main cause of the climate change in Australia is the emission of green house gas. This is very unfortunate that Australia is a country with highest emission of green house gas. Therefore, to cope up with the change in climate in Australia, it has to reduce the emission of green house gas and increase the use of any type of renewable energy. So the Government of Australia has to install more and more solar panels. This very thing will reduce the emission of green house gas and will be very beneficial to the particular problem. Dependence on Coal Australia is an important contributor of green house gas in the world. This is because Australia mostly uses coal as the source of energy. This is going on for a long time. At present, 75% of energy in Australia comes from coal. This major portion of energy emerging from coal is a large source of emission of green house gas. Australia is also the top most coal exporter in the world. This large sage and the exportation of coal are disturbing the sustainability of the environment consistently in Australia. This very thing is also affecting the atmosphere adversely around the world. This is also a warning to the water body of Australia as it is making the water acidic. Therefore, to remove this problem, sage of renewable energy should be increased. Using the renewable energy will help in reducing the sage of coal as the source of energy. Solar energy is a main alternative of coal. Besides this, wind power is a useful material of the source of energy. Many researchers discover so many alternatives. These inventions are useful for offering much more options as the alternatives of coal. An another bonus of this particular thing is, it will offer more job opportunities to the people of Australia. Biodiversity There exists a significant biological diversity in Australia. Australian Government does many things to maintain the balance in the diversity. One of the ways to maintain the balance in the biodiversity is to protect the rain forests in Australia. There is a huge part of rain forests in Australia. Therefore, the Government is doing their best to nurture and protect this. Sustainablecities or urbanization A consistent urbanization is casing pollution increase in Australia. This very thing is causing more and more pollution in Australia. Environmental balance is disturbed by the consistent urbanization. For the sake of urbanization, in many portions in Australia, forests are being cleared. Therefore, the environment is misbalancing. A population growth is causing consistent urbanization in Australia. For the urbanization, wastages are increasing day by day. Water body of Australia is being polluted for the wastages. Usage of energy is also increasing rapidly. Emission of green house gas is increasing rapidly. Condition of biological environment as well as the whole environment is degrading rapidly. Government has to take several plans and interpret those plans in work to stop this problem. Restrictions and penalties for cutting of forests should be introduced. Energy is really an important issue in Australia. A large part of energy is generating from coal. Coal is the main source of energy. The main reason of the large amount of emission of green house gas is usage of coal in Australia. Green house gas is the main thing, which affects the environment adversely (Gelfand and Duncan, 2012) 3 a), b) and c) are answered bellow in a tabular form. Here the place chosen is an office. In this sample office, light, fans, air condition and laptop are used. Name of mean Usage frequency (hours/day) energy sources total cost ($/day) Carbon emission (kg) Fan 9 Electricity 100 1 Light 9 Electricity 700 3 Laptop 10 Electricity 1000 .6 Air Condition 9 Electricity 1600 5 d) Two regulatory organizations in Australia are Australian solar council and sun power foundation, which promote energy efficiency. e) Two methods to decrease energy consumption are Electricity monitoring meter and energy optimization. f) Cost benefit analysis can be shown by the following table. After starting the two options this result may be gained, Name of mean Usage frequency (hours/day) energy sources total cost ($/day) Carbon emission (kg) Fan 9 Electricity 80 1 Light 9 Electricity 550 3 Laptop 10 Electricity 775 .6 Air Condition 9 Electricity 1350 5 g) Between the two methods, the best one is energy optimization. Optimization of the usage of energy can effectively reduce the cost of energy ( Chakrabarti, 2013) 4 The above report summarizes about the alternative forms of renewal energy and how it can be used by different business organizations. The costs of producing the energy can be evaluated through the above table. References Bai, Y. (2012).Sustainable Transportation Systems. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. Chakrabarti, A. (2013).CIRP design 2012. London: Springer. Chowdari, B. (2013).Proceedings of the 13th Asian Conference on Solid State Ionics. Singapore: World Scientific. Gelfand, L. and Duncan, C. (2012).Sustainable renovation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Kim, M. (2012).Biology Education for Social and Sustainable Development. New York: SensePublishers [Imprint]. Kruger, P. (2006).Alternative energy resources. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Li, K. (2013).Intelligent computing for sustainable energy and environment. Berlin: Springer. Linger, H. (2013).Building sustainable information systems. New York: Springer. Meyer, G. (2012).Advanced microsystems for automotive applications 2012. Berlin: Springer. Ren, N. (2012).Renewable and sustainable energy II. Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland: TransTech Publications. Tortora, M. (2012).Sustainable systems and energy management at the regional level. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Zatzman, G. (2012).Sustainable energy pricing. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons.

Invisible Man Details Essays - Invisibility In Fiction,

Invisible Man Details Balancing social and personal responsibility The central problem the narrator encounters throughout his life deals with the balance between social and personal responsibility. The public and private self of a black man come into continual conflict. Most often, the personal nature of the man is forced to give up his morals and or family values in order to present himself in better light to the white society. Trueblood said, "But what I don't understand is how I done the worse thing a man can do in his own family and 'stead of things gittin' bad, they got better. The nigguhs up at the school don't like me, but the white folks treats me fine" (68). Sometimes the split between the two halves is not even visible to the Invisible Man. Racist stereotypes and other people's schemes confound his attempts to know himself. "Here within this quiet greenness I possessed the only identity I had ever known, and I was losing" (99). On the other hand, Dr. Bledsoe's personality is revealed in the open at a school assembly as he gives a "swift glance carrying a threat for all" (115). He is subordinate to the white guests out of necessity but exerts his authority brutally over all of the blacks at the school. He will later say, "I've made my place in it and I'll have every Negro in the country hanging on tree limbs by morning if it means staying where I am" (143). At a low point, the Invisible Man even thinks, "If you made an appointment with one of them [white persons] you couldn't bring them any slow c.p. (colored people's) time" (163). He feels that he needs to somehow "measure up" to the white man's society by working on his own habits. Finally, the separation between his social progress and his attempt to stay in touch with himself became so distant, that "I realized that I no longer knew my own name" (239). 2) An attempt at Social progress The dream of social progress for black Americans offered by the college's ideology breeds treachery and division. Dr. Bledsoe betrays the entire community with his surrender to the white nation, and the entire college turns its back on Trueblood. It also gives an implied acceptance of second class status for blacks. This hypocrisy betrays the narrator and the entire Harlem community. Rather than unite various oppressed groups, it divides them. The college hated Trueblood out of fear that the white community would also dismiss him as a disgrace to society. "I didn't understand in those pre-invisible days that their hate, and mine too, was charged with fear.... We were trying to lift them up and they, like Trueblood, did everything it seemed to pull us down" (47). Because blacks were judged as a whole group and not as individuals, the blacks closer to the white man began to hat those that were farther away. They were viewed as impediments to their effort. This dream continues and grows into a desire to move forward, to move to New York. "New York! That's not a place, it's a dream. When I was your age it was Chicago. Now all the little black boys run away to New York. Out of the fire and into the melting pot" (152). 3) Black v. White The ideology of the 'model black citizen' is present ever since the Invisible Man's grandfather speaks at his deathbed. Even the college that he attends that its followers shun the heritage of black Southern folk culture. It demands that its followers try not to be too black. They should break completely with their pasts and assume new identities. In the first chapter, the Invisible man is submissive to white charity in this demeaning manner. After the battle royal, he is presented with a scholarship and told to "take this prize and keep it well...some day it will be filled with important papers that will help shape the destiny of your people" (32). This show's how blacks were thought of as only products of whites' deeds. When Mr. Norton asks to speak with Trueblood, the Invisible Man responds with this question, "Why couldn't he leave them alone?" (50). It presents the idea of the "white man's burden" and its unwelcome reaction. Bledsoe becomes outraged at the Invisible Man for not recognizing the struggle of the black man. "He ordered you. Dammit, white folk are always giving orders, it's a habit with them. Why didn't you make an excuse?...You're black and living in the South

Free Essays on Music Influences In Sexual Imagrey

The notion of â€Å"going too far† when it comes to the producer including sexual imagery in music videos has become more and more apparent as the years go by. Sex and its glamorized portrayal have become a major component in the creation and production of music videos everyday. The role taken by the government in the amount of sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics that is permitted to be included is one that is not taken seriously, or to great lengths. Today’s typical music video is one that uses shocking sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics to break through the clutter and grab the full attention of the viewer since the notions of sex and anti-establishment are so appealing to the target audience. According to the Record Industry Association of America, studies have been conducted by professors to reveal whether sexual images were randomly placed in videos on MTV, or if the pattern of their appearance was consistent. Results showed that â€Å"sexual images alone appeared in more than one in four videos†. Among these videos images of dating, provocative clothing, kissing, suggestive movements, pursuit, physical contact, sexual bondage and sadomasochism appeared. Since almost all music videos are directed by men, the music videos today depict their so-called â€Å"sexual dreamland†. Some common themes that tend to appear within these typical videos are those that include older men with younger women, strippers, schoolgirls, and mainly nude and available women in great numbers. Since it is made to show that the man controls the female’s sexuality and makes it into what they want, the women and their actual feelings on sexuality have no voice in these music videos. This similar theme holds true on television, in magazines, movies, commercials, and in virtually all other types of media. The role of the woman in music videos is not one that holds much importance. The main purpose they hold is always to be looked at. Only those women... Free Essays on Music Influences In Sexual Imagrey Free Essays on Music Influences In Sexual Imagrey The notion of â€Å"going too far† when it comes to the producer including sexual imagery in music videos has become more and more apparent as the years go by. Sex and its glamorized portrayal have become a major component in the creation and production of music videos everyday. The role taken by the government in the amount of sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics that is permitted to be included is one that is not taken seriously, or to great lengths. Today’s typical music video is one that uses shocking sexual imagery and vulgar lyrics to break through the clutter and grab the full attention of the viewer since the notions of sex and anti-establishment are so appealing to the target audience. According to the Record Industry Association of America, studies have been conducted by professors to reveal whether sexual images were randomly placed in videos on MTV, or if the pattern of their appearance was consistent. Results showed that â€Å"sexual images alone appeared in more than one in four videos†. Among these videos images of dating, provocative clothing, kissing, suggestive movements, pursuit, physical contact, sexual bondage and sadomasochism appeared. Since almost all music videos are directed by men, the music videos today depict their so-called â€Å"sexual dreamland†. Some common themes that tend to appear within these typical videos are those that include older men with younger women, strippers, schoolgirls, and mainly nude and available women in great numbers. Since it is made to show that the man controls the female’s sexuality and makes it into what they want, the women and their actual feelings on sexuality have no voice in these music videos. This similar theme holds true on television, in magazines, movies, commercials, and in virtually all other types of media. The role of the woman in music videos is not one that holds much importance. The main purpose they hold is always to be looked at. Only those women...

Buddhists and sage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddhists and sage - Assignment Example Buddhism ultimately chooses to find the good in humanity in society where religious warfare continues to plague society. The foundation of Buddhist tradition and practice focus around ethical perceptions. All Abrahamic religions along with Hinduism such as Christianity and Islam all have a divine God. Moreover, Buddhism tends to focus around life and suffering. This is perfectly displayed as the author states explicitly as he states, â€Å"Only when a person no longer stands under heaven or upon the earth is he able to forsake the world. The author is clear in this context trying to moralize the ethics and morals that surround the religion of Buddhism. The whole essence of Buddhism is to preach peacefulness and embrace nature. It was clear that people were attracted to the idea in which humanity is the focal point rather than worship and control that other religions enforce. These views are empirical in this society for many reasons. First and foremost, it is evident that we live in a very individualistic society in which individualism and luxury is propagated for. Buddhism takes a completely different approach as it enforces suffering and self-control. It leads to differences between society and further leads to more division and clashes amongst people. On the other hand, Buddhism does not indulge on submission but suffering through an internal journey. Buddhism is pinnacle of peace here as it is stated in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"The Buddha taught one thing alone: that is, how to end suffering in ones life† (Gita, 20). Ending suffering can promote peace and maintain harmony which is essential in for people. This whole notion of alone and inner peace conflicts with the modern society where socialization and collaboration is highly valued. The authors makes implicitly notes these aspects of Buddhism to ensure that the reader is aware of these not ions in the modern era of society. It creates an aura

Regulatory policy and Strategic Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Regulatory policy and Strategic Assets - Essay Example in case of retailers the suppliers of the different items sold by the retailers whereas the horizontal integration involves the acquisition of the competitors in order to increase the market share of the firm. (Joyce & Woods, 2001) This line of thinking within retail chains therefore indicate that the increased emphasis on the mergers and acquisitions during 1990s was also more driven by the fact that the firms realized that through these carefully selected strategic assets, these firms can actually achieve more efficiency. However, during 1980s the focus was on the use of LBO as a mean of acquiring new firms and utilized the power of debt in order to increase the market penetration and firm value. Further, firms also realized that acquiring their suppliers will basically increase their bargaining position and thus will allow them to compete more easily based on the price based factors because retail chain stores can only compete based on the lower prices. Either way, the process of mergers and acquisitions generally increase the market power of the firms and therefore may lead to the further increase in the concentration of some bigger retail chains in the market while driving away smaller or mid sized players from the market. This is also evident from the fact that large retail chain stores can easily obtain large tracts of lands and can even keep them un-developed just to drive the competition away. One of the most important arguments which can be put forward in this regard is the fact that the barriers to entry in this segment of the business are low. Such low barriers to entry therefore can allow smaller as well as large players to easily enter and exit the market at lowest cost. As such if the retail chains are large supermarkets, they allow them to develop better bargaining position and thus offer better prices to the customers. Further, the degree of competition in the market

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love - Essay Example In the past, just like it is today, love reigned in the lovers’ hearts. However, unlike today, it was always seen as a phenomenon very distant from love and mostly a threat to the â€Å"societal order.† Precedence was given to the people’s obligation to not only their extended families, but also to the society in general and the creator. As such, love was perceived as a big interference. For instance, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in Europe, there was a strict distinction between love and marriage. Those with desires to express their true love or intimacy could only do that through adultery since marriage was purposefully instituted to fulfill obligations. There is a good example in one love story that involved a theologian (Peter Aberlard) and a mistress (Heloise). Heloise declined Aberlard’s proposal to marry her in secret because that would put her reputation in jeopardy. For her, â€Å"marriage would not only harm his career but also und ermine their love† (Coontz, 132). In most societies (for example, Greeks, Romans, Christians, and Muslims), people despised those lovers who publicly expressed their love for each other. Such an act was not only sinful but also drew people away from God. For Christian theologians, married partners who had too much love and affection for each other were seen idol worshippers. In addition, it is still considered bad, in Cameroon, to express intense love for your partner, since it is believed that this isolates couples from the rest of the society (Coontz, 132). And for those societies in India as well as Europe, it was believed that love could only exist after marriage. A well-matched couple and one with financial stability would eventually see partners experiencing a perfect love for each other. Love was considered as a benefit, and therefore, any marriage built on it would inevitably lead to sadness in life. Today, an ideal marriage is totally different.

Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Cilostazol

Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Cilostazol Development and in Vitro-in Vivo Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Cilostazol Keywords:Cilostazol; Pharmacokinetics; ER Matrix Tablet; In Vitro Kinetics; ABSTRACT The objective of this research had to manufacture extended release matrix tablet of Cilostazol and to evaluate its in vitro drug release and in vivo absorption. The dosage form was designed by selection of various polymers such as Hypromellose, Kollidon SR, Xanthan gum, Ethyl cellulose, Eudragit Polymers. Microcrystalline cellulose and lactose as dilutents to build matrix tablets and povidone as granulating binders. The tablets were prepared by Direct compression, wet granulation and Melt extrusion techniques. Optimized formulation of Cilostazol matrix tablets was prepared by using 7% HPMC K100M polymer, 39 % MCC, 3% of povidone as binder. Matrix tablets were compressed with optimized free flowing granules of uniform drug content. This in vitro drug release showed the extended the release period up to as per desired specifications. The matrix formed by HPMC, MCC and Povidone had been showed satisfactorily with the controlled resistance. Bioavilability study of this wet granulation do sage formulation in rabbit model showed 24 h sustained drug release in vivo. A correlation (R2= 0.9833) was founded between the in vitro drug release and the in vivo drug absorption. The results suggested that wet granulation with is a satisfactory method to develop a sustained release Cilostazol and it can be Performed therapeutically better than conventional IR dosage form. 1. Introduction In this study the Cilostazol sustained release matrix tablet was developed with various polymers. Since the IR dosage form produces and side effect head of ache due to drug oscillation in plasma. The challenge become to develop a matrix tablets are due to drug morphology and highly insoluble in nature . In the present study, a sustained release dosage form of Cilostazol has been developed that enables less frequent administering of drug . Matrix tablets of Cilostazol were formed by appropriate combination of HPMC and Povidone and lactose monohydrate,MCC and Kollidon K30 was chosen for matrix tablet to extend duration of drug release. Cilostazol and its metabolites are inhibit the platelet aggregation and exert vasodilatory action by inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity and cAMP degradation with a resultant increase in cAMP in platelets and blood vessels The objectives of research were: 1) To analyze the physical and chemical characters of prepared Tablets 2) To elucidate the effect of polymers and to study the release kinetics, 3) in-vivo study for the stable formula. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials Cilostazol was obtained from IPCA lab, Mumbai, India. Hypermellose (Methocel K100M CR), Povidone K30 received as a gift sample from Colorcon Pvt Ltd. Kollidon K30 was obtained from BASF. All other Reagents were purchased from local suppliers, India and were of analytical grade. 2.2. Drug and Excipient Interactions Drug Excipient interaction study was investigated by DSC (differential scanning calorimeter). The DSC Thermo gram of only drug and Drug+Excipient mixtures were noted. The samples were separately packed in aluminum cells and kept a set in Metler TA 4000 Thermal analyzer. 2.3. Formulation 1. Dispensing: All the ingredients were dispensed accurately as per formula quantity. 2. Sifting: Measured quantity (refer table no.4.5) of Cilostazol, Microcrystalinecellulose (Avicel PH-101), HPMC K100M, were passed through 30#, Microcrystalinecellulose(PH-102), Aerosil-200, through 40#, yellow oxide of iron and Magnesium stearate were passed through 60# . 3. Mixing: Measured quantity (refer table no.4.5) of Cilostazol, Microcrystalinecellulose (Avicel PH-101), were mixed in polybag for 15 min, to it added yellow oxide of iron and mixed for 5 min. in RMG at 2.4 RPM . 4. Preparation of Binder solution: Measured quantity (refer table no.4.5) of IPA and Water were poured in stainless steel beaker, to it added PVPK-30 with stirring continuously by glass rod till dissolved completely and clear solution is obtained. 5. Wet Granulation: Granules were prepared by wet granulation method in RMG at 2.4 RPM for 15 min, using step 4 binder solution. Prepared granules dried at 60  ºc till LOD reaches less than 2.5% and finally sifted through 30#. 6. Mixing: Mixed the measured quantity (refer table no.4.5) of Microcrystaline cellulose (Avicel PH-102), HPMC K100M, Aerosil-200, in polybag for 15 min with granules obtained in step 5. 7. Lubrication: Above granules are lubricated with measured quantity of magnesium stearate In the trial 5 concentration of HPMC K100M is reduced from 10% to 8% and trials 6,7,8 from 10% to 7% . 2.4. Physical Characterization of Tablets The prepared tablets were subjected to various physical characterization studies. Weight variation test was performed with 20 tablets with an electronic balance. Tablets hardness was determined using Monsanto (Standard type) tablet hardness tester. Thickness was measured by a venier caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan). Friability was calculated using a Roche friabilator (Basel, Switzerland) 2.5. Drug Content of Tablets (Assay by HPLC) Cilostazol USP: Chromatographic Conditions: The drug content of the formulated tablets was estimated by HPLC method. Column: Stainless steel column packed with octadecylsilane silica gel for chromatography ,c18 ,150Ãâ€"4.6 mm,5 µm(Inertsil ODS-3 is suitable) Mobile phase::Acetonitrile:Mthanol:Water(7:3:10by volume), filter and degas. Flow rate: 1.0ml / min Wavelength: 254nm Diluent: Methanol Injection Volume: 10 µl Temperature: 270C ± 10C Retention time: Cilostazol- about 9.4 minutes. Cilostazol was analyzed by HPLC at a wavelength of 254 nm. 2.6. In Vitro Dissolution Studies In-Vitro dissolution Studies (Dissolution analysis by HPLC) Dissolution testing for the amount of drug-substances released was studied using the following dissolution parameters: Table : Dissolution parameters and specifications for Cilostazol Acceptance criteria : As given table no.4.15 Dissolution Parameters:Medium: 900 ml, 0.3% SLS in 6.8 Phophate bufferApparatus: USP Apparatus 2Paddle Speed: 75 RPM Temperature:370C  ± 0.50c. Duration:1,4,8,12,24 hours Chromatographic Conditions: Instrument: HPLC(Hitachi) Column: Stainless steel column packed with octadecylsilane silica gel for chromatography, C-18, 150cmÃâ€" 4.6mm, 5 µm (Inertsil ODS-3 is suitable) Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile:Mthanol:Water(7:3:10 by volume) filter and degas. Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min Wavelength: 254nm Injection Volume: 20 µl Diluent: Methanol, Dissolution Medium Temperature: 270C  ± 10C. The release studies were conducted in duplicate. Mean % cumulative drug release was plotted against time (hours). 2.7. Drug release Kinetics and Mechanism Kinetics of drug release was determined by fitting data to Table 1. Composition of extended release matrix tablet of Cilostazol different models such as zero order (M = kt), first order equation (M = lnM0+ kt), Higuchi model (M = k√t) and KorsemeyerPeppas equation (M = ktn). The value of n = 0.5 denotes case I diffusion (Fickian), 0.5 n = 1, for case II transport and n > 1 for super case II transport. Where M is the amount of drug (%) released after time t; Where M0is the amount of drug released at (0) zero time; k is the release rate constant, n is the exponent. Drug release following particular mechanism is judged by the linearity of plot 2.8. Stability Studies Stability studies were conducted on SR Tablets of select batch to assess their stability with respect to their physical appearance, drug content and release characteristics after storing at 25ËÅ ¡C under 60% relative humidity (RH) and 40ËÅ ¡C under 75% RH for 6 months [8]. 2.9. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation The animal studies were performed as per guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals that were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee. Male rabbits (Albino) with average weight of 2.5 kg were housed in standard cage individual, which well ventilated with air, humidity and temperature control. 50 mg equivalent weight of Cilostazol sustained Release Tablets with and 50mg equivalent weight of Cilostazol 50mg IR tablet was administered to 2 groups orally (N = 4) via silicone rubber gastric intubation tube. A wooden rod was kept between the jaws of rabbit’s mouth. A gastric tube was centrally placed over the hole in mouth (21.22). With the help of gastric intubation tube the tablets were administered in to the stomach of rabbit by set on the tip in it. After administered the oral dose, 5 ml of water was given to facilitate the admittance of the tablets. Rabbits were kept fasting over night but access to water ad libitum; In a heparin zed branule (G22, G24) 2 ml of blood samples were collected, which placed in the marginal ear vein , at each of the pre determined times i.e., 0.25 Hr, 0.5 Hr, 1 Hr, 2 Hr, 4 Hr, 6 Hr, 8 Hr and 24 Hr after administration:Samples were transferred to eppendrof centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The separated organic layer will be collected and evaporate to dryness under a gentle steam of nitrogen gas. The obtained residues will be reconstituted in organic solvent with vortex mixing, from which aliquot will be injected to HPLC system . supernatant plasma was separated and transferred and stored at –20ËÅ ¡C until Analyzed. in to 96 well plate 2.10. In Vivo Data Analysis The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach the maximum concentration (tmax) were directly obtained from the observed values. The area under the curve up to 24 h after administration (AUC) was calculated by the trapezoidal rule from the observed values. 3. Results and Discussion In this study, the matrix tablets were prepred using various types of polymers and different composition. of polymers (Table 1) of matrix forming polymers (HPMC, sodium CMC and MCC) with the help of granulating agent, PVP was used as Binder. In vitro studies conducted for all the formulations. Extended release of drug was in the order of CW1 Figure 1). Rate of drug release was significant (p Figure 1, CW5). It seems the mechanism is by diffusion method. Physical characteristics of matrix tablets were shown in Table 2. There was no any significant burst effect in the optimized HPMC matrix tablets that showed a low possibility of dose dumping and avoids toxicity (in vivo). The Release kinetics of matrix tablets was determined by fitting the drug release data in different established models they are zero order, first order, Higuchi model, Korsemeyer-Peppas equation.Table 3shows values of regression coefficient, release constant and exponent n. First order release data was not satisfactory. The data suggested that kinetics of drug release of DVF5 was best explained by Korsemeyer-Peppas equation (R2= 0.991, n = 0.60). This indicated combined effect of diffusion and erosion mechanism on the release of drug. The stability results of storing at 25ËÅ ¡C/60% RH and 40ËÅ ¡C/75% RH for 6 months as per ICH guidelines evidenced any change in physical parameters and appearance and very slight change in dissolution pattern. Based on the available stability data 2 years shelf life can be provided. Figure 1. In vitro release profile of Cilostazol SR tablets. Table 2. Drug release kinetic of Cilostazol SR tablet formulations. Next, the stable formula were designated for its in vivo test in rabbit. Plasma concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of formulated ER matrix tablet CW5 and Cilostazol IR tablets 50mg were summarized inFigure 2andTable 3. No sustained blood level was observed after oral administration of the IR formulation. The formulated matrix Tablet (CW5) showed significant lowerCmaxthan the IR formulation (P max(tmaxis 6 hr) as compared with immediate release formulation (tmaxis 0.55 hr). The AUC increased from 11190.30 hr*ng/ml to 295396.49 hr*ng/ml for ER tablets. Values of Cmaxand tmaxclearly indicated that the drug release was sustained to about 24 hours after oral administration in rabbits (n = 4). CW5 Tablets maintained prolonged plasma concentration up to about 24 hours. The sustained plasma concentration of new formulation (CW5) indicates its extended drug release in vivo absorption. The Results demonstrated that the hydrophilic polymers were successfully utilized for formulating Cilostazol extended release matrix tablets. By wet granulated with povidone . Moreover the extended release matrix tablets have a unique advantage of lessening chance of dose dumping and to avoid side effects. The investigated extended release matrix tablets were adequate to maintaining constant plasma level of Cilostazol up to 24 hours in rabbits. Figure 2. Profile shows mean plasma concentration of Cilostazol against time, following oral administration of IR tablets and SR Tablets (CW5) to rabbits. Data are represented as mean  ± SD (n = 4). Table 3. Mean ( ±SD) pharmacokinetic parameters of Cilostazol in Rabbits (n = 4) orally administered with IR tablets and ER tablets CW5 (50 mg). 4. Conclusion A new sustained release formulation of Cilostazol has been developed for its in-vitro drug release and in-vivo absorption. Extended release matrix tablet were found to be an effective to maintain the drug level in plasma. Bioavailability studies can be carried out to assess the usefulness of this formulationand in comparison with existing IR products in the market formulations on healthy human volunteers.

My Watch :: Descriptive Watch Essays, Observation

My Watch My article of clothing is with me at all times. It consists of a 3cm circular base and two separate straps, each 6cm long connected by a metal clasp. These two straps and a clasp are then connected to the top and bottom of the base. The straps are outlined in hard rigid silver, looking as my uncle's smoothly brushed gray hair. Through the center of the 2cm wide straps is a 1cm in width gold strip. The gold looks as bright as a gold chalice from my local church. The clasp is a hard silvery gray such as that which borders the straps. The letters 'SEIKO' are clearly placed on the clasp in raised lettering. The clasp looks 3cm long when in the closed position, but when opened it extends to 11cm as two more 4cm metal pieces open outward. The face of the object is encircled with a gold color, gold as the trim on my father's Cadillac. Inside the gold trim, the background is a black color. The black is like the black rubber on my car's Cooper tires. Towards the top of this face, there is a number 12, the bottom has a number 6, and the leftmost number has a number 9. Each of these numbers are raised in lettering in a gold color. On the rightmost side, there is a 1/2cm x 1/5cm sized box. This box is then further separated in two parts. 2/3s of the box is devoted towards showing the current day's first 3 letters, now showing a THU for Thursday. The remaining space of the box is set aside for the date of the month. In this box the number 14 is shown. Both, the day and the date, are in white colors. This white is like a white hospital gown, starched and cleaned. The face of the object has 56 small lines all facing from the outside of the circle towards the middle. These gold lines are equally separated all aro the face of the object.

Brand Name

As stated in â€Å"Brand Durability Challenged† (201 1) people usually feel connected with and loyalty to the brands that have been in the market for many years. â€Å"Credibility, quality and consistency' (Moisakos, 201 1) of the old brand can build consumer loyalty. The connection between people and brands might be the reason why most people usually buy the same thing over and over. This idea can be related to Civilian(2007)g's idea that people usually buy things that they know about because they feel safe and comfortable with, and they think those products are good.According to Westbound (201 0), it has been discovered that more than half of the consumers who participated in the latest consumer survey decided what brands to buy at the store. If there are two products with same prices, they often choose the one with a brand because many people use it. To illustrate, Caviar (2007) reports that a study by Stanford University found that when the exact same food was given to ch ildren-the only difference being the container in which it was served-, most of the children said that the food that was in McDonald's packaging tasted better.In other words, people have a mind-set that products with brands have better quality than those without brands. On the other hand, according to the article â€Å"Are you wasting money on brand names† Consumer Reports has done a survey and seventeen percent Of participants thought that name brand food contained more nutritious than other products. However, it is discovered that there are no big differences between nutrition of the tested products which are both brand name products and store brand products. Many consumers are proud of themselves when they use brand names products.These products usually include cars, clothes, and electronic devices. People have good feelings when buying those products. They feel confident to go out of their house with Nikkei shoes, Levies t-shirt, and Gucci bag. Those are popular brands fo r clothing and they are very expensive. People go shopping for these brands because they want to show off and feel rich. A great example is about the t-shirts. Nikkei t-shirts are more expensive than other t-shirt without brand, but people still want to pay more for it. Martin (2003) reports that even though Nikkei is accused of labor abuse, Nikkei still succeeds in building image of its brand.A lot of people still feel good with it, and they still buy its products. This makes it obvious how much consumers treasure their identification with the image of Nikkei. On the other hand, it is obvious that if a product or a brand has a bad image, not many people will want to buy that product or that brand because they think that it might lower their look. The image Of the brand is an important factor Of consumer's purchasing decision. In the civilization, most people like to follow the majority because they like to be part of the group.In Caviar's article, Dan Goldstein, an assistant profes sor of marketing at London Business School, says that â€Å"People tend to believe, If I've heard of [a product] before, it's probably because it's popular, and popular things are good. † This quote shows that people in today's world like popular things. Brand names are usually popular and people purchase them because of their popularity. Advertising is one way to introduce a product to consumers. According to Marksman(2011), people were requested to see a line of BBS (BOBBY), but there was also a â€Å"b† in some lines(Bobby).They were asked to count the line with â€Å"b†. Before each line was shown, fifty' percent of the respondents saw the brand name of the ice tea. After the test was done, people, again, were asked to choose the drinks. The choices are the ice tea and water. People who were thirsty chose to drink the ice tea more than water. The example can demonstrate that advertising can also be a part of reasons why people choose a particular product. Re putation is not only the reason why people choose to buy a brand name product, but design of sound and logo of the brand name is also another important factor.

Do Longer SAT Essays Really Score Higher

Do Longer SAT Essays Really Score Higher SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Rumor has it, the longer your SAT essay, the higher your score. Could this be true? Does essay length affect your score? Let's unpack this belief and talk about the best strategies for scoring high on the SAT essay. Rumor Has It... When Milo Beckman was 14 and attending Stuyvesant High School in New York City, he started to suspect that the key to a high score on the SAT essay was simply filling up all the lines. He himself had already taken the SAT twice, and he found that his longer essay got a higher score, even though he thought it was inferior and contained lots of inaccuracies. To investigate this, Milo asked students at his high school to report their scores and the number of lines they wrote on their essays. Out of 5 essays, he found that the longer ones almost always received higher scores. Milo concluded that the more you write, the better you score. Milo Beckman hasn't been the only person to come to this conclusion. Lee Perelman, former director of writing across curriculum at MIT, holds to his position that the more words you put on the page, the higher your score will be. He also has some other tips for guaranteeing a high score that we'll take a look at below. To read more about Milo and Lee's studies, check out this intriguing article. What does the College Board think? So what does College Board have to say about these claims? Unsurprisingly, they're not having it. According to College Board, length often correlates with quality, but it does not in and of itself predict a good score. Instead, longer essays often have well developed arguments supported by nuanced examples. Quality, not quantity, they insist, is what the SAT essay is all about. So what does College Board think it takes to score a 12? And what are our suggestions for tackling the SAT essay? Let's take a look at the best strategies, but first, a quick review of how the essay is scored. How Is the Essay Scored? The highest score you can achieve on the SAT essay is a 12. The lowest is 2 (or 0, I suppose, if you were to leave it completely blank!). Two graders will read your essay and score it from 1 to 6. If they have very different opinions on your score, then a third reader will be brought in to give her input. Then these scores are added together. College Board says that its graders base their scores on five main domains: The development of a point of view supported by appropriate examples and effective evidence. Organization, coherence, and logical progression of ideas. Skillful language with a varied vocabulary. Variety in sentence structure. Good grammar, syntax, and mechanics. An essay that achieves a 6 is strong in all these areas and almost free of errors. Lower grades are progressively weaker in their points of view, supporting evidence, organization, vocabulary, sentence variety, and grammatical accuracy. Do these criteria seem easier said than done? Here we detail 15 key tips you need to know to fulfill these expectations and score highly on the SAT essay. You'll notice that none of these criteria mentions essay length. According to College Board,an essay does not necessarily need to fill all the pages or be five paragraphs to be insightful, use skillful language, or develop a point of view. The testmakers also stress that students should read the entire assignment given to them, including the extra reading material, which is usually a quote. As you saw above, Milo Beckman and Lee Perelman think otherwise. So what do we think about all these tips and strategies - should your essay be as long as you can make it? Or do they? With these strategies, the SAT essay might start to feel very simple indeed! How to Score Highly On the Essay Write a Lot Milo and Lee have a point - generally speaking, longer essays do score better. However, length really doesn't guarantee a high score if you don't write skillfully, develop a point of view, and use 2 to 3 well thought-out, relevant, and persuasive examples. You want to use all the strategies listed in this article to guarantee a high score. These approaches, in turn, will help facilitate your writing a long essay that merits a high score. You may argue, "But what if I can achieve all those things in less sentences?" I would say, it's great that you can be so concise, but on the SAT, less is not more. More is more. Check out our best tips on How to Score a 12 on the SAT Essay here.I'll go over a few of these strategies below, with some links throughout for you to read more in-depth advice. Pick a Side Lee Perelman stresses that students should always pick a side when answering the prompt, and I tend to agree. This doesn't mean that nuanced, middle ground essays can't score well. However, it is much more challenging to argue well for both sides in such a short, pressure-packed time frame. Even if you don't have a strong, passionate feeling on the prompt you're given - make it slightly easier on yourself and choose one side. No one is going to hold you to this opinion in the future. It's more about showing you can develop and support a strong point of view through writing, rather than revealing how you personally feel aboutthis topic or that topic. The SAT uses 6 types of essay prompts again and again. Read about the 6 types here, along with examples!And for the complete list of SAT essay prompts, this article has everything you need to know. Use Tried and True Structure Again, you only have 25 minutes! Don't try to awe the graders with postmodern literary experimentation or a rap song. Stick to the 5 paragraph structure - introduction, three paragraphs with supporting examples, and conclusion. Your introduction should close with your thesis statement, and your conclusion should have a strong last line that sums everything up with a punch. You can see how using this structure relates to writing a long essay - a true five paragraph essay, with 5 to 7 sentences per paragraph, should just about fill up all the available pages you're allotted in your test booklet. For a step-by-step breakdown of exactly how to write the SAT essay, examine this article here. Use Smooth Transitions and Varied Sentence Structure Both your individual sentences and general ideas should flow smoothly and logically. Transitions words like "furthermore, additionally, alternatively, similarly, therefore, because of this, for example," and many others, can help connect sentences, paragraphs, and concepts. On a similar note, you don't want every sentence to start with a simple 'subject-verb' construction: "I think, I said, I had," over and over again, for instance. Mixing up your sentence structure will help your essay read smoothly. This will probably happen naturally as you write, and you can improve by practicing and paying attention to sentence structure as you read books, news articles, and magazines in your day to day. These complex and varied sentence structures will also contribute to your writing a long SAT essay. Have Gos Your SAT essay will achieve the expected length if you are able to provide specific, thoughtful examples to support your point of view. But what if your mind goes blank during the actual test? To help avoid this worst-case scenario, you should show up with some go-to examples on hand. This article has some great examples of literary, historical, and current events examples that can be used to support a wide range of different arguments. Again, complex examples that you understand well will help you develop a full, long, five paragraph essay. As Milo Beckman and Lee Perelman suggested, you don't have to worry too much about accuracy, either! Pace Yourself You may be worrying that you can't fill up the essay pages in such a short amount of time. This is where practice and training is key. Your hand might ache and feel ready to fall off by the end of the 25 minute essay section, but you'll be able to finish the essay in time if you hit the ground running. How to structure your essay time: 3-4 minutes planning and structuring your essay 15-18 minutes drafting 2-3 minutes at the end to read over your essay and revise. As long as you do some serious prep, you can spend the majority of your time drafting,not staring at a blank page. This should be more than enough to achieve to create a nuanced, well developed, and long SAT essay. But seriously, are longer essays better? So Is a Longer Essay Better? For the most part, I would agree with Milo and Lee that longer essays do tend to garner higher scores on the SAT. However, they need to incorporate all those other elements, too - a well developed argument, detailed examples, skillful language, and logical organization. All of these elements help facilitate writing a longer essay, so they really go hand in hand. While you don't have a lot of time to produce this work, you can prep for it by using these tips and strategies and practicing leading up to the SAT. Writing is a skill like any other. It's not a fixed thing, like you're good at writing or you're not - instead, you can grow your skills and get better with practice. As you're prepping, maybe you can even ask a friend, family member, or teacher to "grade" your essay and give you feedback for improvement. After all your preparation and these strategies, you should be able to craft a clear, lengthy essay that scores highly on the SAT. What's Next? Are you deciding between the new SAT and the old SAT? Read about all the differences between the two tests here so you know what to expect. Is the essay on the new SAT any different from previous essays? We break down the new SAT essay here. Are you aiming for a perfect score? This 2400 scorer explains how you can achieve the highest score, too. Want to get serious about improving your SAT score? We have the leading online SAT prep program that will raise your score by 240+ points, guaranteed. Exclusive to our program, we have an expert SAT instructor grade each of your SAT essays and give you customized feedback on how to improve your score. This can mean an instant jump of 80 points on the Writing section alone. Check out our 5-day free trial and sign up for free: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Biography of Girolamo Savonarola

Biography of Girolamo Savonarola Savonarola was an Italian friar, preacher and religious reformer of the late fifteenth century. Thanks to his struggle against what he considered a corruption of Catholicism infesting Florence, and his refusal to bow to a Borgia Pope he considered much the same, he was burnt, but not after ruling Florence in a remarkable four years of Republican and moral reform. Early Years Savonarola was born in Ferrara on September 21st, 1452. His grandfather – a mildly famous moralist and trusted physician - educated him, and the boy studied medicine. However, in 1475 he entered the Dominican Friars in Bologna and began to teach and study scripture. Why exactly we don’t know, but a rejection over love and a spiritual depression are popular theories; his family objected. He took up a position in Florence – home of the Renaissance - in 1482. At this stage he wasn’t a successful speaker – he asked the guidance of famed humanist and rhetorician Garzon, but was rudely rejected – and remained bitterly disaffected at the world, even the Dominicans, but soon developed what would make him famous: prophecy. The people of Florence had turned away from his vocal shortcomings until he bought an apocalyptic, prophetic heart to his sermons. In 1487 he returned to Bologna for assessment, failed to be selected for academic life, perhaps after disagreeing with his tutor, and from after that, he toured until  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Lorenzo de Medici secured his return to Florence. Lorenzo was turning to philosophy and theology to stave off a darkening mood, illness, and loss of loved ones, and he wanted a famed preacher to balance the hostile views of the Pope to Florence. Lorenzo was advised by the theologian and preacher Pico, who had met Savonarola and wanted to learn from him.​ Savonarola becomes the Voice of Florence In 1491 Girolamo Savonarola became Prior of the Dominican House of S. Marco in Florence (set up by Cosimo de Medici and reliant on family money). His speech-making had developed, and thanks to a powerful charisma, a good way with words, and a very effective grasp of how to manipulate his audience, Savonarola became very popular very quickly. He was a reformer, a man who saw many things wrong with both Florence and the church, and he spelled this out in his sermons, calling for reform, attacking humanism, renaissance paganism, ‘bad’ rulers like the Medici; those who watched were often deeply moved. Savonarola didn’t stop at just pointing out what he considered faults: he was the latest in a line of Florentine would be prophets, and he claimed Florence would fall to soldiers and their rulers were it not better led. His sermons on the apocalypse were hugely popular. The exact relation of Savonarola and Florence – whether its history affected his character more or less than his demagoguery affected the citizens – has been much debated, and the situation was more nuanced than just a man of words whipping people up: Savonarola had been deeply critical of Florence’s Medici rulers, but Lorenzo de Medici may have still called for Savonarola as the former was dying; the latter was there, but might have gone of his own accord. Savonarola was drawing huge crowds, and attendance at other preachers was falling. Savonarola becomes Master of Florence Lorenzo de Medici died two years before he, and his fellow rulers in Italy, faced a major threat: a French invasion which seemed on the verge of great conquests. Instead of Lorenzo, Florence had Piero de Medici, but he failed to react well enough (or even competently) to keep power; suddenly Florence had a gap at the top of its government. And at this very moment, Savonarola’s prophecies seemed to be coming true: he and the Florentine people felt he had been right, as a French army threatened a slaughter, and he accepted the citizen’s request to head a delegation to negotiate with France. Suddenly he had become a leading rebel, and when he helped a Florentine agreement with France that saw a peaceful occupation and the army left, he was a hero. While Savonarola never held any office himself beyond that of his religious career, from 1494 to 1498 he was the de facto ruler of Florence: again and again, the city responded to what Savonarola preached, including creating a new government structure. Savonarola now offered more than the apocalypse, preaching hope and success for those who listened and reformed, but that if Florence faltered things would get dire. Savonarola did not waste this power. He began a reform designed to make Florence more Republican, rewriting the constitution with places like Venice in the forefront of his mind. But Savonarola also saw a chance to reform the morals of Florence, and he preached against all manner of vices, from drinking, gambling, to types of sex and singing he didn’t like. He encouraged ‘Burning of the Vanities’, where items deemed inappropriate to a Christian republic were destroyed on mighty pyres, such as lewd artworks. The works of the humanists fell victim to this – although not in as great quantities as later remembered - not because Savonarola was against books or scholarship, but because of their influences from the ‘pagan’ past. Ultimately, Savonarola wanted Florence to become a true city of god, the heart of the church and Italy. He organized Florence’s children into a new unit that would report and fight against vice; some locals complained t hat Florence was in the grip of children. Savonarola insisted that Italy would be scourged, the papacy would be rebuilt, and the weapon would be France, and he kept allied to the French king when pragmatism suggested a turn to the Pope and the Holy League. The Fall of Savonarola Savonarola’s rule was divisive, and an opposition formed because Savonarola’s increasingly extreme position only increased people’s alienation. Savonarola was attacked by more than enemies within Florence: Pope Alexander VI, perhaps better known as Rodrigo Borgia, had been trying to unite Italy against the French, and excommunicated Savonarola for continuing to support the French and not obeying him; meanwhile, France made peace, abandoning Florence and leaving Savonarola embarrassed. Alexander had tried to trap Savonarola in 1495, inviting him to Rome for a personal audience, but Savonarola had quickly realized and refused. Letters and orders flowed back and forth between Savonarola and the Pope, the former always refusing to bow. The Pope may have even offered to make Savonarola a Cardinal if he’d fall into line. After the excommunication, the Pope said the only way to lift it was for Savonarola to submit and Florence to join his sponsored League. Finally, Savonarola’s supporters grew too thin, the electorate too against him, the excommunication too much, an interdict in Florence threatened, and another faction got into power. The trigger point was a proposed trial by fire proposed by a rival preacher which, while Savonarola’s supporters technically won (rain stopped the fire), it had introduced enough doubt for his enemies to arrest him and his supporters, torture him, condemn him, and then publically hang and burn him in Florenco’s Piazza della Signoria. His reputation has endured thanks to a group of passionate supporters who remain, five hundred years later, convinced of his Catholic belief and martyrdom, and wish for him to be a saint. We don’t know whether Savonarola was a clever schemer who saw the power of apocalyptic visions or an ill man who experienced hallucinations and used them effectively.

Market leadership strategies. Netflix, Walt Disney, Wal-Mart, Apple Essay

Market leadership strategies. Netflix, Walt Disney, Wal-Mart, Apple and Toyota - Essay Example A company that was able to achieve market leadership following a valued discipline was Toyota Corporation. Toyota was able to beat its US counterparts in the 80’s and 90’s by providing a superior product through operation excellence.The company makes car models of higher quality, better performance, greater fuel efficiency, and better overall value than the competition. The Toyota cars throughout the years have become very popular because they retain better resale value than other car auto makers. Toyota gained a brand value that accumulated over the years. In the 21st century other companies including some American firms like GM have caught up to Toyota in terms of innovation, but Toyota still offers superior value than most companies in the auto industry. In 2010 Toyota continued to be the market leader in global sales with 8.418 million units sold which represents an 8% sales increase in comparison with the previous year (Takahashi, 2011). Takahashi, Y. (2011). Toyot a Global Sales up 8%. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 7, 2011 from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703398504576101190281234486.html 2. A firm that was able to achieve market leadership using a generic strategy is Wal-Mart Corporation. Wal-Mart is the market leader in the retail industry due to the fact that the company used a generic strategy focusing on cost leadership. Wal-Mart offers the best prices across the board in the retail industry. ... It becomes difficult for such a corporation to maintain a consistent corporate culture when the firm has multiple companies. The marketing efforts of the firm cannot be standardized because these firms serve different markets. A company that has been very successful at running multiple companies is Walt Disney. Walt Disney has diversified into different sectors including the movie industry, toy market place, vacation properties, and its traditional theme park operation. The US theme parks are run differently than the Japanese Disney theme Park operation. Despite the challenges of running multiple companies Disney has been a very successful enterprise. 4. Apple has always enjoyed a great brand value due to the superb products the company manufactures. The firm created a reputation in the computer industry in regards to producing the best computer systems in the industry. Steve Jobs and his managerial staff had the foresight and vision to make Apple a firm that produced some of the mos t innovative technological products in the world. Two of the mark key products the firm created which revolutionized the music and cellular industry were the iPod and the iPhone. The iPhone has become the industry standard in the smartphone segment. 5. Netflix is a firm that realized that the video industry reached its declining stage based on the traditional system of offering movie rental out of a video store. The firm created a new innovative system to rent video to movie watcher. Their $7.99 monthly price for unlimited video rental using the power of the internet to drive the system simply revolutionized the industry. The company became the

Select and profile an organization for the benefit plan-UPS I have Research Paper

Select and profile an organization for the benefit plan-UPS I have selected - Research Paper Example This is evident from the expenses made by the company in relation to the employees as well as retirees health along with the pension benefits. The company seems to have been participating in the various benefit plans such as multi-employer pension and health as well as welfare plans which is essentially trustee-managed. The benefits are provided to the employees and are generally enclosed under collective bargaining agreement. There are various factors such as improper performance of the investment, modification in the demographic and enhanced benefits for the participants that make the company contribute to the plans. It is worthy of mentioning that the company provides single-employer defined benefit as well as post-retirement benefit plan. The company also provides its employees with UPS Excess Coordinating Benefit plan thus providing benefits to the ones who are participating in the UPS Retirement Plan (Homestead, n.d.). It can be mentioned that there are numerous benefit programs that the company tend to employ on a continuous basis for the purpose of retaining the talent in the organization for a longer period of time. It is through such benefit plans that the quality of the work lives of the employees are improved along with significant enhancement of the personal lives of the employees. In the above section, it has been found that UPS has been providing its employees with numerous benefits so that the talent can be retained with the organization and thus the goals of the organization can be achieved. However, it has been observed that despite various competitive employee benefit plan programs, the company has few lacunas in its benefit plans. It has been noticed that the UPS is unable to offer its employees with the same benefit that Central States used to offer. After the company has withdrawn from Central States, the employees are supposed to register in the 401K plan in order to ensure that they obtain enough retirement income. It has also

Thesis that dicusses immigrant life in the United States in the time Essay

Thesis that dicusses immigrant life in the United States in the time period spanning US History between the end of the Civil War - Essay Example Other misfortunes befall the family – including sexual abuse by a predatory employer, prostitution, imprisonment, embezzlement, exposure to criminal elements until Jurgis becomes a criminal himself, alcoholism, political opportunism. Jurgis finds himself from being a loving husband and father, to a grief-ravaged and embittered man, to an exploited worker, to an unfairly imprisoned convict, to a hardened criminal, to an alcoholic, to a union member, to a vagabond, and finally to a socialist who believes that if people heed the call of social...ism, â€Å"Chicago will be ours†. The most famous misfortune and the one oft-discussed is his experiences in the meatpacking plant, which was fraught with dangers and labor rights violations. The description of the meatpacking plant and its sorry conditions were very graphic and shed light on the plight of the workers whose rights were routinely and wantonly violated. There are two themes running within the text: the American dream and how it has failed scores of immigrants who come to the United States, and second, the evils of Capitalism. The failure or the hollowness of the American dream is apparent from the very start of the text, with the festive but overly-expensive wedding celebration being used as a metaphor to describe a dream that is ornate in appearance but is, upon closer look, empty and will only bring more problems in the future, such as debt. The Lithuanian family initially entered America brimming with hope and promise, believing that America will be their salvation from poverty. The series of unfortunate events and tragedies that befell them have proved this belief to be wrong. The other theme is the indictment of capitalism and it is apparent in the way that the author Sinclair describes how the workers are being abused and how their rights are

High School and Social Support Essay Example for Free

High School and Social Support Essay The purpose of the study was to determine possible differences in leadership behaviors, using the Revised Leadership for Sport Scale (RLSS), between male and female coaches and among different coaching levels. The researchers submitted two hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that male and female coaches would respond differently to the RLSS in overall leadership behaviors. The second hypothesis was that differences on the RLSS would occur among coaching levels: junior high, high school, and college. The sample was nonrandom, including 162 coaches that were chosen on a volunteer  basis. Within the sample, 118 (0. 73) of the coaches were male, while 44 (0. 27) were female. With regard to coaching level, 25 (0. 15) were junior high coaches, 99 (0. 61) high school, and 38 (0. 24) at the college level. While this is a good sample size, the problem lies with the distribution of the sample. The sample number for junior high coaches, in particular, is rather low. A larger sample with regard to all categories would have aided in the data analysis, particularly when looking for possible interactions between gender and coaching level. The instrument utilized was the Revised Leadership for Sport Scale (RLSS) developed by Zhang, Jensen, and Mann in 1996. This scale is used to measure six leadership behaviors: training and instruction, democratic, autocratic, social support, positive feedback, and situational consideration. The scale uses 60 statements, which were preceded by â€Å"In coaching, I:† A Likert scale was then given for each statement: 1 = never; 2 = seldom; 3 = occasionally; 4 = often; and 5 = always. This produced an ordinal level data set. Scales were administered in a number of environmental settings: classrooms, gymnasiums, practice  fields, and offices. The internal consistency for each section was calculated: 0. 84 for training and instruction; 0. 66 for democratic; 0. 70 for autocratic; 0. 52 for social support; 0. 78 for positive feedback; and 0. 69 for situational consideration. There was no information, however, regarding the validity of the RLSS. A MANOVA was used to analyze the data for differences between male and female coaches with regard to leadership behaviors. This is not consistent with the type of data collected. The RLSS used a Likert scale (ordinal), yet a MANOVA would be most  applicable for normally distributed, quantitative data. The analysis showed there were no significant differences between male and female coaches in overall leadership behaviors. When the six leadership styles were examined separately, there was a significant difference in social support between males and females. In general, females scored much higher than did the male coaches. A MANOVA was also used to examine the data for differences between the three levels of coaching (junior high, high school, and college) with regard to leadership behavior in general. There were significant differences between the three levels. When breaking down the six behaviors and examining them individually, an ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Again, because the data for the RLSS is ordinal, an ANOVA is not the best analysis tool. The three coaching levels scored differently on three of the six behaviors: democratic behaviors, training and instruction, and social support. High school coaches scored much higher than college level coaches in democratic behavior. Junior high coaches were significantly lower in training and instruction than either high school or college coaches. Junior high coaches also demonstrated a lesser degree of social support than either the high school or college coaches. A MANOVA was again used to analyze the data for any interaction between gender and coaching level with regard to overall leadership behavior. Once again, a better analysis method could have been chosen based on the nature of the data collected. The results indicated no significant interactions. The ecological generaliziability for the study is fairly high. The surveys were mailed out, and returned on a volunteer basis. However, due to the nonrandom nature of the sample, the results would not generalizable beyond the 162 participants in the study. There was no effect size is listed for the study. In order to reduce threats to internal validity, the participants were asked to respond honestly and confidentiality was stressed so that the â€Å"coaches might feel more at ease in responding. † No other efforts were indicated. The researchers mention that the scales were given in a variety of settings. This could present a threat to the internal validity in that participants might not have been entirely focused on completing the scale, but instead on coordinating practice, completing  paperwork, etc. There are a number of other factors that could effect the internal validity of the study, yet were not addressed by the researchers. Coaching experience would greatly effect the responses of the participants, yet this was not considered in the study. The gender of the athletes may be a contributing factor to the coaches’ responses. It is not unreasonable to suppose that coaches of female athletes, particularly at the junior high and high school levels, will demonstrate more social support than those of male athletes. The nature of the  sport could also be critical. Certain coaching styles are more applicable for individual sports (wrestling, track, and tennis) than for team sports (football, soccer, and basketball). The socioeconomics and population of the school itself could play a factor. Certain schools have better athletes and programs in a particular sport, while others may not be able to field a winning team. In addition, at the high school level, coaches are occasionally asked/forced to work with a program they have no knowledge of or desire to coach due to staffing  shortages. This could dramatically influence a coach’s response to the scale questions. The history of the program as well as the individual coach’s personal coaching history could greatly influence responses. If the program has had several losing seasons in a row, perhaps the attitude of the coach could be different than that of a coach who has recently won a state title. An additional set of questions regarding the personal history of the coach in question could have helped reduce many of these threats. With additional information, the  researchers may have been able to use a modified matching system when analyzing the results. By increasing the number of independent variables to include things such as coaching experience and gender of the athletes, the researchers could have reduced some of the potential threats to internal validity. In addition, bringing coaches together to a common setting could have reduced location threat. Coaches meet seasonally for clinics. Perhaps obtaining permission to administer the survey during these meetings would have been possible. It would have also been possible to actually go to individual  schools and meet with the coaches as a group to administer surveys. This method would have given a good cross-section of gender and coaching experience for a variety of sports. While the study has merit, the methods need to be re-evaluated. The power of the study needs to be increased by obtaining a larger sample size. The numerous potential threats to internal validity need to be addressed and minimized where possible. It would also be helpful to be given data regarding the validity of the RLSS. Without these, it is impossible to evaluate the potential meaningfulness of this study.