Bio Outline Essays - Cellular Respiration, Molecular Biology

Bio Outline Essays - Cellular Respiration, Molecular Biology Bio Outline BIOLOGY 220 OUTLINE SECTION II Text: Essential Cell Biology I. Opening Comments (Chapter 3) A. Life creates order out of disorder through a never-ending series of chemical reactions B. This is Metabolism and the ability to Metabolize C. Most of the chemical reactions required by the cell would not occur at physiological conditions D. Control of these reactions is achieved by specialized protein, ENZYMES. II. Basic Principles of Energy A. Energy - Basics Principles 1. Define Energy - ability to do work 2. Define Work - the ability to change the way matter is arranged 3. Define Kinetic Energy 4. Define Potential energy - energy of position 5. FIRST LAW of THERMODYNAMICS Energy can be transferred or transformed by never created or destroyed. 6. Explain transferred or transformed Different kinds of energy a. Radiant (solar) b. Chemical (e.g. gasoline, carbohydrates, fats) c. Mechanical (involves movement) d. Atomic. 7. SECOND LAW of THERMODYNAMICS - In any energy transformation or transfer some energy is lost to the surrounding environment as heat. a. Define Entropy b. 2nd Law says - ENTROPY IS INCREASING c. ADD HEAT LOSS TO ENERGY DIAGRAM ABOVE. B. The Concept of Free Energy 1. Free energy - the portion of a systems energy that can perform work given constant T throughout system (e.g., living cell) 2. Total free energy of a system (G) is define by this equation G = H - TS a. H = total energy of system = ENTHALPY b. T = absolute temp in K (KELVINS) ( C + 273) c. S = entropy d. Note that T increases value of S since as Heat increases, molecular motion increases, and disorder increases. 3. Spontaneous Processes a. Definition - occur w/o outside help (energy) - energy of system is sufficient to carry out reaction or process b. Is not concerned with rate or time, so spontaneous processes will not necessarily occur in a useful time frame 4. Determining when a system can undergo spontaneous change a. Stability b. The change in Free Energy is negative for spontaneous systems . G = Gfinal state - Ginitial state or .DG = DH - TDS III. Basics of Chemical Reactions A.All reactions require an input of energy to get them started 1. ENERGY OF ACTIVATION or ACTIVATION ENERGY a. Define Activation Energy with overhead b. For some reactions the activation energy can be provided by the reacting molecules themselves. c. For others, the activation is very high since the reacting molecules must be brought together in exactly the right orientation in order for the reaction to take place (effective collision).. B.Enzymes reduce activation energy (Chap5. p. 167-69) 1. Define Catalyst 2. Define Substrate 3. Random interactions lead to Enzyme-Substrate Complex formation (effective collision) 4. Enzymes reduce activation energy by a. Increasing the number of effective collisions between substrates 5. Enzymes are proteins a. review structure of proteins. 6. Define Active Site a. Active Site can function by (1) shape similarities (2) chemical attraction (3) both b. Example: Ribonuclease c. Review steps of RNAse active site d.Another example: Lysozyme: pg.170 Figure 5-28 7. Discuss how enzymes are named a. See Table 5-2 p.169 for list of common enzyme group names and functions.. IV. Factors effecting Reactions (in general, including enzyme-mediated)(Back to Chapter 3) A. Free energy considerations (as discussed earlier) 1. Free energy change must be negative B. Concentration of the molecules in the system also determines whether a reaction will occur. 1. As the concentration of one molecule increases the reaction will move toward the production of the other molecule (Le Chatlier's Principle). C. BIG QUESTION - how much of a concentration difference is required to overcome a .G that might be unfavorable. 1. Rewrite .G to reflect concentration component 2. .G = .G o + 0.616ln[B]/[A] a. 0.616 is a constant b. .G o is the Standard Free Energy change (1M @ pH=7) in kcal/mole c. @37 o C d. Note that when [A] = [B], concentration effects are negated and .G=.G o (ln 1 = 0). D. For a reversible reaction A B (see Figure. 3-20 p.92) 1. One direction is energetically favored (-.G) over the other 2. For example A to B is favored 3. As A converts to B, the concentration effect of greater amounts of B begins to overcome the + G (for B A), to a point where B A is equal to A B. 4. In Table 3-1 some calculations were done to determine when .G=0 (equilibrium), that is when .G o = -0.616ln[B]/[A] (con't on next page). 5. It is important to note that it requires significant excess

What Does Santa Clauss Resume Look Like [Infographic]

What Does Santa Clauss Resume Look Like [Infographic] Ho Ho Ho!It’s that time of year again! Santa has his professional resume perfected and is looking forward to flying out to his next assignment. Santa is definitely admired by children everywhere, and he is very experienced in his job so he’ll probably skip his interview step.His resume demonstrates that he has a very clear career path and is filled with accomplishments. However, he still needs to take some classes on Excel to help with his list updating. Check out his resume below and see why he is the man for the job! [Source: Kickresume]